Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully made the first four sustained flights of a heavier-than-air machine under the control of the pilot at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, 106 years ago today.
This photograph of the first attempt (click to enlarge) “shows Orville Wright at the controls of the machine, lying prone on the lower wing with hips in the cradle which operated the wing-warping mechanism. Wilbur Wright running alongside to balance the machine, has just released his hold on the forward upright of the right wing.” (Source: Library of Congress)
As with riding a bicycle, the key was control.
While other aviators searched in vain for “inherent stability,” Orville and Wilbur created a method for the pilot to control the airplane. The real breakthrough was their ingenious invention of “wing-warping.” If the pilot wanted to bank a turn to the left, the wings could be warped to provide more lift on the wings on the right side of the biplane. The brothers worked out a system for 3-axis control that is still used today on fixed-wing aircraft: left and right like a car or boat (a rudder), up and down (the 1903 Wright “Flyer” had its elevator in the front), and banking a turn as birds do (or like leaning to one side while riding a bicycle). Working with kites in 1899, the brothers figured out and tested their systems for 3-axis control, and in the next two years did experiments with gliders at Kitty Hawk, and then with their wind tunnel, to find the proper lift. They found that the formula for lift – namely the “Smeaton coefficient” that everybody had been using for over 100 years – was wrong. By the time they built their 1902 glider, they had worked out all the problems and they knew it would fly. The 1902 glider was actually the first fully controlled heavier-than-air craft, and some historians believe it was the main invention – essentially the invention of the airplane – and more important than the 1903 biplane. So it was on March 23, 1903 – nine months before the famous first airplane flight of December 1903 – that Orville and Wilbur Wright filed a patent application for a “Flying Machine.” The patent was awarded May 22, 1906. That’s when the aviation world started to copy the Wright’s designs, and from that point remarkable progress was made in the development of powered flight.
. . .
On Monday, December 14, 1903, when both the Wright flyer and the wind were ready, the brothers decided that Wilbur would take the first turn as pilot for the historic flight. Some readers might suppose that this was because Wilbur was older, or because he had taken the early lead in the project (though later there was an equalization), or perhaps because of some difference in piloting skills. It was none of these. It was decided by flipping a coin.
. . .
Two days later, repairs had been completed, but the wind wasn’t right. The following day, Thursday, December 17, 1903, would be the historic day. They realized it would be better to lay the track on flat ground. That and the strong (22-27 m.p.h.) winds meant that Orville (whose turn it was to pilot) was riding the plane along the track, at a speed that allowed Wilbur to keep up easily, steadying the right wing as Orville had done 3 days earlier. Just after the Wright flyer lifted off the monorail, the famous picture was taken, possibly the most reproduced photograph ever, which Orville had set up (having asked one of the men simply to squeeze the shutter bulb after takeoff). The flight wasn’t much – 12 seconds, 120 feet. But it was the first controlled, sustained flight in a heavier-than-air craft, one of the great moments of the century.
The brothers flew 3 more times that day, covering more distance as they got used to the way the large front “rudder” (the elevator) responded in flight. Orville’s second flight was 200 feet, and Wilbur’s before it nearly as long. But the final flight of the day carried Wilbur 852 feet in 59 seconds.
Source: Wright brothers history: First Airplane Flight, 1903. There’s more.
Sofie was first in line. She goes in and won’t even look at Santa. Not for a second. Santa was more than happy, however, to have mom sit next to him. Um, gross. So the picture…(which cost us about $700 give or take a few bucks) pretty much sums up our perfect Santa experience:
