The History of Cinema Aspect Ratios

The original aspect ratio utilized by the motion picture industry was 4:3 and according to historical accounts, was decided in the late 19th century by Thomas Edison while he was working with one of his chief assistants, William L.K. Dickson. As the story goes, Dickson was working with a new 70MM celluloid-based film stock supplied by photographic entrepreneur George Eastman. Because the 70MM format was considered unnecessarily wasteful by Edison, he asked Dickson to cut it down into smaller strips. When Dickson asked Edison what shape he wanted imaged on these strips, Edison replied, “about like this” and held his fingers apart in the shape of a rectangle with approximately a 4:3 aspect ratio. Over the years there has been quite a bit of conjecture about what Edison had in mind when he dictated this shape. Theories vary from from Euclid’s famous Greek “Golden Section”, a shape of approximately 1.6 to 1, to a shape that simply saved money by cutting the existing 70MM Eastman film stock in half. Whatever the true story may be, Edison’s 4:3 aspect ratio was officially adopted in 1917 by the Society Of Motion Picture Engineers as their first engineering standard, and the film industry used it almost exclusively for the next 35 years.

From CinemaSource, “Understanding Aspect Ratios”

4:3, which the motion picture industry called 1.33:1, was adopted by television beginning in the 1930s.

To compete with TV, movies began experimenting with widescreen aspects in the 1950s — 1.67, 1.85, 2.20, 2.39 (1.85 and 2.39 are the ratios currently used in theaters).

Today’s TVs and computer monitors however, are none of these. HDTV and newer monitors are 1.77 (16:9). A rectangle with that aspect ratio nicely accommodates any of the various motion picture formats (old and new), subject to some letter boxing.

Donate

Donate through Wyclef Jean’s foundation, Yele Haiti. Text “Yele” to 501501 and $5 will be charged to your phone bill and given to relief projects through the organization.

Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie reportedly gave $1 million to Doctors Without Borders.

Today

… is the 58th anniversary of Today. The morning show premiered with Dave Garroway, Jim Fleming and Jack Lescoulie on this date in 1952. When it began it was broadcast for three hours, but shown for two only. The overlap allowed the program to be seen live from 7-to-9 in both the Eastern and Central time zones. (The Eastern saw the first and second hour, the Central the second and third.)

The Tonight Show began on NBC on September 27, 1954. Both programs were created by Sylvester L. “Pat” Weaver Jr., father of Sigourney (actually Susan Alexandra Weaver).

226 years ago today

The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, officially establishing the United States as in independent and sovereign nation. The Continental Congress approved preliminary articles of peace on April 15, 1783. The treaty, signed in Paris on September 3, 1783, required Congress to return the ratified document to England within six months.

Although scheduled to convene at the Maryland State House in November, as late as January 12 only seven of the thirteen states had legal representatives at the ratifying convention. Operating under the weak Articles of Confederation, Congress lacked power to enforce attendance at the convention. With the journey to England requiring approximately two months, time was running short.

Delegates continued to trickle in. Connecticut representatives presented their credentials to Congress on January 13, leaving the convention one delegate shy of the quorum. Richard Beresford of South Carolina left his sickbed in Philadelphia for Annapolis, and, after his arrival, the vote was taken.

The Treaty of Paris granted the United States territory as far west as the Mississippi River, but reserved Canada to Great Britain. Fisheries in Newfoundland remained available to Americans and navigation of the Mississippi River was open to both parties.

Today in History: Library of Congress

Go to hell Pat Robertson

[S]omething happened a long time ago in Haiti, and people might not want to talk about it. They were under the heal of the French. You know, Napoleon the third, or whatever. And they got together and swore a pact to the devil. They said, we will serve you if you will get us free from the French. True story. And so, the devil said, okay it’s a deal.

And they kicked the French out. You know, the Haitians revolted and got themselves free. But ever since they have been cursed by one thing after the other. Desperately poor.

Pat Robertson

Surely one of the great live albums

Johnny Cash performed his historic concert at Folsom Prison on this date in 1968.

I hear the train a comin’
It’s rollin’ ’round the bend,
And I ain’t seen the sunshine,
Since, I don’t know when,
I’m stuck in Folsom Prison,
And time keeps draggin’ on,
But that train keeps a-rollin’,
On down to San Antone.

[The song itself was originally recorded at Sun in 1956.]

January 13th

Billy Gray, the kid that befriended Klaatu in the classic 1951 sci-fi film The Day the Earth Stood Still, is 72 today. Billy’s old enough to play Professor Barnhardt this time around. Gray was Bud on the 50s sitcom Father Knows Best.

Richard Moll of Night Court is 67.

Julia Louis-Dreyfus is 49.

Patrick Dempsey is 44.

Orlando Bloom is 33.

I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor; Believe me, honey, rich is better.”

Sophia Kalish was born at a farm house along the road in Russia as her mother was emigrating to America on this date in 1884. As Sophie Tucker she was one of the great stars of vaudeville, the Ziegfeld Follies and early movies. In the 1930s she brought elements of nostalgia for the early years of 20th century into her show. She was billed as “The Last of the Red Hot Mamas.” Her hearty sexual appetite was a frequent subject of her songs, unusual for female performers of the era. In addition to her performing, Sophie Tucker was active in efforts to unionize professional actors, and was elected president of the American Federation of Actors in 1938.

“From birth to age eighteen, a girl needs good parents. From eighteen to thirty-five, she needs good looks. From thirty-five to fifty-five, she needs a good personality. From fifty-five on, she needs good cash.”

The Library of Congress has more about The Last of the Red Hot Mamas.

A.B. Guthrie was born on this date in 1901. His The Big Sky (1946) is one of the classic works of western American literature. Its sequel, The Way West (1949), won the Pulitizer Prize for fiction in 1950.

What “The Big Sky” is: An unflinching account not only of the hardships and dangers of the 1830-1845 mountain man era, but also a glimpse into the meaning of our own existence here — the reasons why we come, the reasons why we stay. True to Guthrie’s bid for honesty, the answers aren’t always pretty.

Guthrie’s Boone Caudill is the quintessential anti-hero, a mean, moody misanthrope who heads West to escape his troubled past as well as to seek adventure and freedom. Ultimately, though, trouble follows Boone — because, after all, the one thing he can’t run away from is himself.

The theme, Guthrie wrote, is “that each man kills the thing he loves.

“If it had any originality at all, it was only that a band of men, the fur-hunters, killed the life they loved and killed it with a thoughtless prodigality perhaps unmatched.”

“The 100 Most Influential Montanans of the Century” by The Missoulian (1999)

Horatio Alger Jr. was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts on this date in 1832.

He was one of the most influential writers in American history. He wrote more than a hundred novels, almost every single one of which tells the same story: A young boy, living in poverty, manages to find success and happiness by working hard and never giving up. But even though Alger’s books were all the same, and none was a literary masterpiece, they were read by thousands of young Americans all across the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been argued that Horatio Alger, more than any other person, was responsible for creating the idea of the American Dream.

The Writer’s Almanac with Garrison Keillor

Making out is its own reward

“It is more erotic to wonder if you’re about to be kissed than it is to be kissed.”

Another wonderful look at times and mores past by Roger Ebert, this time sex on campus.

Ebert’s memories resonate with this pre-baby boomer. We weren’t even allowed to dance the Twist at my Catholic high school — as if the Twist was more sexy than slow-dancing. Of course, the rule was the good Carmelite fathers had to be able to see light between the slow dancers.

And then get run over by a minivan

“If the pace of increase in life expectancy in developed countries over the past two centuries continues through the 21st century, most babies born since 2000 in France, Germany, Italy, the UK, the USA, Canada, Japan, and other countries with long life expectancies will celebrate their 100th birthdays.”

The Lancet

Idle thoughts

I’m changing some things around here at home — moved the iMac into the bedroom so I can more comfortably watch internet movies on it; stuff like that. I find that Apple, Hulu and Netflix streaming videos are about equal to DVD quality. And I have the Bose Companion 3 for audio, so music and movies on the computer sound very, very good.

Until now, for several years, I had a receiver in this room with Marantz speakers. The speakers sound wonderful, but they were always a little in the way — they’re the kind of floor speakers we all had decades ago, about two-feet high.

They should go.

But I’ve had them for 34 years! They’re like family heirlooms. Giving them to charity is too cold — like giving an old pet to charity. I need to find a good home for them.

Marriage as a Dynamic Institution

Today, the second day of the Perry v. Schwarzenegger trial, opened with continuing expert testimony from Nancy Cott, a Harvard University historian and the author of “Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation.” Cott’s testimony will give the Boies and Olson, pro-gay-marriage side the opportunity to make the argument that marriage is a dynamic institution, one that changes as society does: which is why, for instance, married women can now own property, people of different races can marry, and couples of all sorts can divorce, and why, by implication, it could stretch without breaking to accommodate same-sex couples. Her testimony will also be used to counter the other side’s argument that the state has a legitimate interest in upholding “procreative” marriage.” Today, according to Howard Mintz of the San Jose Mercury, who is live-blogging the trial, Cott testified that “procreative ability has never been a qualification for marriage.” George Washington, “the father of our country,” she said, was likely sterile when he married Martha Custis.

Margaret Talbot – The New Yorker

January 12th

Today is the birthday

… of Ray Price. Still for the good times at 84.

When Ray Noble Price was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996, many noted that the honor was long overdue. Such feelings weren’t based so much on the longevity of his career or on the number of major hits he has recorded, for in those regards Price was no different from many other deserving artists awaiting induction. More importantly, Price has been one of country’s great innovators. He changed the sound of country music from the late 1950s forward by developing a rhythmic brand of honky-tonk that has been hugely influential ever since. As steel guitarist Don Helms, a veteran of Hank Williams’s Drifting Cowboys once put it, “Ray Price created an era.”

Country Music Hall of Fame

… of Glenn Yarbrough. He’s 80.

… of William Lee Golden. The big, bearded member, but not the bass voice, of the Oak Ridge Boys is 71.

… of Smokin’ Joe Frazier. The champ is 66.

… of Cynthia Robinson. She’s dancing to the music at 64 (Sly and the Family Stone).

You might like to hear the horns blowin’,
Cynthia on the throne, yeah!
Cynthia & Jerry got a message they’re sayin’:
[Cynthia:] All the squares, go home!

… of Kirstie Alley. She’s 59.

… of the most dangerous man in America, Rush Limbaugh. The audio-terrorist is 59.

… of Howard Stern. He’s 56.

… of broadcast journalist Christiane Amanpour. She’s 52.

… of Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos. The billionaire is 46.

Jack London was born in San Francisco on this date in 1876. London wrote more than 50 books, including The Call of the Wild and White Fang (1906). His most unforgettable story may be To Build a Fire. London died at age 40.

John Hancock was born on this date in 1737. Hancock was President of the Continental Congress of the United States of America in the summer of 1776. He was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence.

John Hancock